I C^j  / 


Presbyterian 
Committee  of 
Publication 

Richmond,  Va. 
Texarkana,  Ark. -Tex. 


Our  Missions 
in  Brazil 


By 

H.  F.  WILLIAMS 


LIST  or 

Missionary  Booklets 

Covering  the  Work  of  the 

Southern  Presbyterian  Church, 

By  REV.  H.  F.  WILLIAMS. 

Editor  of  The  Missionary. 


1 —  Along  the  Grand  Canal  (our  Mid-China  Mission). 

2 —  North  of  the  Yangtze  (our  North  Kiangsu  Mission). 

3 —  In  the  Hermit  Land  (our  Korea  Mission). 

4 —  In  the  Mikado’s  Empire  (our  Japan  Mission). 

5 —  In  Mexico  and  Cuba  (our  Near-Home  Missons). 

6 —  In  South  America  (our  Missions  in  Brazil). 

7 —  In  the  Congo  (our  Mission  in  Africa). 

Price,  5 cents  each.  Postpaid. 

In  Four  Continents  (Text-Book  1912-13)  — The 
Foreign  Mission  Work  of  the  Southern  Presbyterian 
Church.  Cloth,  50c.  Paper,  35c. 

FOR  OUTLINE  OF  THIS  BOOK,  WITH  HELPS,  SEE  PAGE  32, 


Published  by  the 

Presbyterian  Committee  of  Publication, 

RICHMOND,  VIRGINIA.  TEXARKANA,  ARK. -TEX. 


In  South  America 


The  Brazil  Missions  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church 
in  the  United 
States. 

Ct3 


By 

HENRY  F.  WILLIAMS 


Published  by  the 

PRESBYTERIAN  BOARD  OF  PUBLICATION 
Richmond,  Va.  Texarkana,  Ark.-Tex. 


BRAZIL 


HAT  wind  bearing  southwest  and  that  flight 
of  paroquets  that  providentially  diverted  Co- 
lumbus from  the  mainland  of  North  America, 
at  first  to  the  Bahamas,  and  so  on,  in  his  third 
voyage,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco;  that 
divine  interposition  that  swept  the  caravel  of 
Amerigo  Vespucci  at  first  to  Paria  and  after- 
ward to  Brazil,  left  the  continent  of  North 
America  to  be  discovered  by  John  Cabot 
and  Sebastian  Cabot,  the  vassals  of  the  Eng- 
lish kings  Plenry  VII  and  Edward  VI. 
The  same  hand  of  God  which  gave  this  land 
to  England  and  Protestantism  permitted  the 
southern  continent  to  come  under  the  sway 
of  papal  crowns.  And  so  this  vast  peninsula 
with  its  fourteen  states  waits  to  be  “discovered” 
anew  by  Protestant  Christians  and  evangelized. 

— Rev.  A.  T.  Pierson. 


RIO  JANEIRO  HARBOR, 


BRAZIL 


The  continent  of  South  America  stretches  over  a 
territory  4,600  miles  long,  and  over  3,500  miles  wide. 
The  Isthmus  of  Panama,  12  degrees  north  latitude,  and 
Cape  Horn,  56  degrees  south  latitude,  are  the  extreme 
north  and  south  limits.  The  area  of  South  America — 
7,59S,000  square  miles — is  as  large  as  two  continents 
the  size  of  Europe.  The  population,  estimated  at 
38,000,000,  is  composed  of  a mixed  people  of  Spanish, 
Portuguese,  Indian  and  negro  blood.  Columbus,  on  his 
third  voyage  to  the  new  world,  in  1498,  discovered  the 
continent  of  South  America,  and  claimed  it  as  a Spanish 
possession,  with  the  result  that  it  was  occupied  by  the 
Eoman  Catholic  Church,  which  became  the  prevailing 
religion  of  the  continent. 

The  division  of  the  continent  into  countries,  with  other 
great  changes,  has  not  removed  the  unfortunate  results 
of  the  papal  power  that  has  held  sway  during  a period 
of  nearly  four  hundred  years.  These  four  hundred 
years  of  Catholicism  are  in  a large  measure  responsible 
for  the  slow  development,  superstition,  and  pagan  igno- 
rance of  the  vast  majority  of  the  people  inhabiting  the 
entire  continent. 

Descriptive  of  Brazil  we  quote  the  following : “Brazil, 
the  only  monarchy  in  America  for  many  years,  became 
a Bepublic  in  1889.  It  occupies  nearly  one-half  of 
South  America,  and  contains  more  than  one-half  of  its 
arable  land.  Lying  between  four  degrees  north  and 
thirty-three  degrees  south  latitude,  nearly  the  whole 
territory  is  within  the  Torrid  Zone.  It  is  over  2,600 


6 


In  South  America — Brazil. 


miles  long  and  2,500  broad,  and  has  a coast  line  of  4,000 
miles.  Tlie  area  is  3,320,000  square  miles;  it  is  a little 
larger  than  the  United  States  without  Alaska. 

“Brazil  is  naturally  divided  into  three  distinct 
regions:  the  lowlands  along  the  coast,  where  are  grand 
harbors  and  large  cities;  the  middle  section,  which  has 
magnificent  and  fertile  plateaus  formed  by  abrupt 
mountain  ranges  on  the  eastern  side,  watered  by  the 
tributaries  of  the  Amazon  and  those  of  the  river  la 
Plata;  and  the  vast  and  unexplored  regions  of  the 
west.  The  climate  is  varied.  Within  the  tropics  the 
tendency  is  to  extreme  heat,  accompanied  in  some  parts 
by  great  humidity;  but  on  the  table-land  the  heat  is 
modified  by  pure  and  refreshing  breezes,  and  back  on  the 
mountain  slopes  one  may  dwell  in  perpetual  spring. 
The  table-lands  and  hillsides,  with  unrivalled  navigable 
streams  for  internal  communication  and  commerce, 
naturally  tit  it  for  agricultural  purposes.  There  are  no 
active  volcanoes,  and  earthquakes  are  very  rare. 


Natal,  North  Brazil. 


In  South  America — Brazil. 


7 


“Brazil  is  probably  not  surpassed  in  fertility,  in  cli- 
mate, and  in  variety  of  useful  natural  products — coffee, 
sugar,  cotton,  India  rubber,  cocoa,  rice,  maize,  manioc, 
bananas,  beans,  yams,  ginger,  lemons,  oranges,  figs, 
cocoanuts,  etc.  There  are  herds  of  wild  cattle  on  the 
plains,  game  in  the  woods,  and  fish  in  the  waters,  vast 
forests  of  rare  growth  and  variety,  wood  of  great  excel- 
lence and  beauty  for  all  kinds  of  cabinet  work,  timber 
and  lumber  for  all  building  purposes.  Gold,  silver,  iron, 
lead  and  precious  stones  are  abundant ; indeed,  the  field 
for  diamonds  is  one  of  the  richest  in  the  world.  But 
the  vast  wealth  of  the  State  is  found  not  in  her  rich 
stores  of  precious  minerals  and  metals,  but  in  her  fruit- 
ful soil  and  exports  of  tropical  productions.  Her 
traffic  in  sugar  and  coffee,  under  almost  ruinous  export 
duties,  amounts  to  more  in  a single  year  than  all  the 
diamonds  gathered  within  this  century. 

“The  population  is  estimated  18,000,000,  including 
2,300,000  full-blood  negroes,  and  about  800,000  Indians. 
There  are  nearly  3,000,000  whites  of  more  or  less  pure 
Portuguese  blood,  and  about  as  many  white  immigrants, 
mostly  from  Southern  Europe,  who  have  settled  in  the 
southern  extra-tropical  states.  The  negroes  are  mostly 
found  in  the  Northeast  Atlantic  States,  the  Indians  in 
the  unsettled  interior;  while  the  mass  of  the  population 
everywhere  consists  of  a mixture  of  these  three  elements 
in  every  imaginable  proportion.” 

While  South  America  was  discovered  by  Columbus, 
Brazil  was  discovered  by  one  of  his  companions,  Vin- 
cente Yanes  Pincon,  who  accidentally  discovered  the 
country  in  the  spring  of  1500.  The  country  was  colo- 
nized by  the  Portuguese  in  1531,  and  until  1822  was  a 
province  of  Portugal. 


8 


In  South  America — Brazil. 


Passing  over  many  historical  events,  we  learn  that 
at  the  time  of  the  fall  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  Brazil  was 
raised  to  the  rank  of  a kingdom.  As  a result  of  the 
revolution  in  1820,  the  king  returned  to  Portugal,  leav- 
ing Pedro,  his  eldest  son,  as  regent.  Two  years  later 
the  desire  for  independence  on  the  part  of  the  Brazilians 
was  so  strong  that  Brazil  was  declared  a free  and  inde- 
pendent state.  Dom  Pedro  assumed  the  title  of  em- 
peror, aud  he  was  succeeded  by  Dom  Pedro  the  Second, 
who  was  crowned  emperor  in  1841. 

Under  Dom  Pedro's  administration  many  reforms 
gave  to  the  people  larger  liberties,  until  in  1888  freedom 
was  declared  to  all.  The  growth  of  Brazil  has  been 
remarkable.  With  a population  in  1860  of  9,000,000, 
which  included  more  than  a million  negro  slaves,  but 
did  uot  include  Indians,  it  has  increased  to  more  than 
18,000,000.  In  1860  religious  tolerance  was  only  a 
name.  The  Roman  Catholics  controlled  all  education, 
hospitals  and  public  charities.  In  the  earlier  days 
connection  with  the  interior  was  by  muleback  or  on 
foot.  In  1860  there  were  only  sixty  miles  of  railroad ; 
at  the  present  time  the  country  is  in  communication 
with  the  outside  world  by  many  large  steamers  sailing 
into  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  by  telegraph  lines  and 
Atlantic  cables,  and  all  the  best  improvements  of  the 
times  have  been  introduced  into  the  country. 

In  1889  the  monarchy  was  overturned  without  blood- 
shed. The  emperor  and  the  imperial  family  were 
exiled,  and  Brazil  became  a Republic.  The  constitution 
adopted  the  succeeding  year  was  modeled  after  that  of 
the  United  States.  One  of  the  provisions  of  that  con- 
stitution is,  “Separation  of  Church  and  State;  secular- 
ity  of  public  cemeteries ; the  right  of  civil  marriage,  and 
religious  liberty.” 


In  South  America — Brazil. 


9 


An  item  of  importance  in  Brazil  is  the  extraordinary 
immigration  from  European  and  other  countries. 
“Germans,  Italians,  Portuguese,  Syrians,  Spaniards 
from  Spain  and  the  Philippines,  are  pouring  in  so  that 
the  population  is  becoming  almost  as  heterogeneous  as 
that  of  the  United  States.  New  activity  is  manifest  on 
the  part  of  the  Roman  priesthood,  reinforced  by  many 
of  the  religious  orders  driven  from  France  and  the 
Philippines.  Nevertheless,  the  opening  of  the  doors 
is  wider  than  ever  before,  and  the  pure  gospel  may  be 
preached  and  taught  with  absolute  freedom.” 


BIBLE  TRANSLATION  COMMITTEE 

Who  met  in  Rio  Janeiro,  Brazil,  in  December,  1904,  and  January,  1905, 
to  revise  the  translation  of  the  Gospel  of  Matthew. 

Back  row,  left  to  right:  Rev.  F.  IJttley,  Agent  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society; 
Dr.  Brown,  Rev.  E.  C.  Perreia,  Sr.  Virgilio  Varzea,  a Brazilian  author,  and  Rev. 
H C.  Tucker,  Agent  American  Bible  Society.  Front  row:  Dr.  Kyle,  Rev.  J.  R. 
Smith  of  our  Mission,  Rev.  A.  Trajano. 


10 


In  South  America — Brazil. 


Protestant  Missions  in  Brazil. 

To  the  Huguenots  of  France,  under  the  protection  of 
Admiral  Coligny,  belongs  the  honor  of  the  first  effort  to 
evangelize  Brazil.  They  sailed  from  France  in  1555, 
and  settled  on  the  island  of  Villegagnon.  It  is  inter- 
esting to  note  that  among  those  who  were  interested  in 
the  progress  of  missions  in  Brazil  were  Calvin  and  his 
friends,  who  sent  to  the  Huguenots  religious  teachers, 
etc.  These  advance  colonists  in  the  evangelization  of 
Brazil  suffered  persecution,  under  which  some  gave  up 
their  lives  as  martyrs,  some  tied  to  the  Indians  in  the 
interior,  and  others  returned  to  their  homes.  Among 
those  who  fled  to  the  Indians  was  Jean  de  Boileau. 
As  a testimony  to  the  fidelity  of  these  early  missionaries 
and  the  suffering  they  endured,  the  following  paragraph 
from  a sketch  of  Brazil  Missions  by  Bev.  A.  L.  Black- 
ford will  be  interesting: 

“Jean  de  Boileau,  who  is  noted,  even  in  the  annals  of 
the  Jesuits,  as  a man  of  considerable  learning,  being 
well  versed  in  both  Greek  and  Hebrew.  Escaping  from 
Yillagagnon,  Jean  de  Boileau  went  to  St.  Vincente, 
near  the  present  site  of  Santos,  the  chief  seaport  of  the 
province  of  Sao  Paulo,  the  earliest  Portuguese  settle- 
ment in  that  part  of  the  country,  and  where  the  Jesuits 
had  a colony  of  Indians  catechised  according  to  their 
mode.  According  to  the  Jesuit  chroniclers  themselves, 
the  Huguenot  minister  preached  with  such  boldness, 
eloquence,  erudition,  that  he  was  likely  to  pervert,  as 
they  term  it,  great  numbers  of  their  adepts.  Unable 
to  withstand  him  by  arguments,  they  resorted  to  Rome’s 
ever  favorite  reasoning,  and  caused  him  to  be  arrested 
with  several  of  his  companions.  He  was  taken  to 
Bahia,  about  a thousand  miles  distant,  where  he  lay  in 
prison  eight  years.  When,  in  1767,  the  Portuguese 


Presbyterian  Church  and  Congregation  at  Garanhuns,  North  Brazil. 


12 


In  South  America — Brazil. 


finally  succeeded  in  expelling  the  French  from  that 
part  of  their  dominions,  the  governor,  Mem  de  Sa,  sent 
for  the  Huguenot  prisoner,  and  had  him  put  to  death 
on  the  present  site  of  the  city  of  Bio  de  Janeiro,  in  order, 
it  is  said,  to  terrify  his  countrymen  if  any  of  them  should 
be  lurking  in  those  parts.  The  Jesuits  boast  that 
Anchieta,  their  great  apostle  in  Brazil,  succeeded  in 
. winning  the  heretic  to  the  papal  faith  on  the  eve  of  his 
: execution,  and  then  helped  the  hangman  dispatch  him 
1 as  quickly  as  possible,  so  as  to  hurry  him  off  to  glory 
f.  before  he  could  have  time  to  recant.” 

The  earlier  mission  work  in  Brazil  includes  that  of 
the  Dutch  among  the  Indians  from  1854  to  1864,  and 
; the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  of  the  United  States 
in  1836  ; the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  1860 ; the 
*-  Presbyterian  Church,  U.  S.  (South),  in  1869,  and  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  in  1876.  Other 
" missionary  efforts  were  made  by  several  individuals. 
The  representatives  of  the  American  and  British  Bible 
Societies  have  been  among  the  most  efficient  forces  in 
; ' the  missionary  work  in  Brazil.  They  have  suffered  per- 
secution,  imprisonment,  and  even  death  in  circulating 
T the  word  of  God.  Probably  as  many  as  a million  copies 
--  of  the  Bible,  in  whole  or  in  part,  have  been  distributed 
in  Brazil  alone.  Missionaries  going  into  distant  fields 
' have  often  found  groups  of  Bible  Christians  who  gladly 
welcomed  the  preacher  who  could  further  instruct  them 
in  the  truth  they  had  been  reading  from  their  Bibles 
that  had  been  brought  to  the  country  by  the  agents  of 
the  Bible  Societies. 

Presbyterian  Missions  in  Brazil. 

Before  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  in  the  United 
States,  the  Presbyterian  missionary  work  in  Brazil  was 


In  South  America — Brazil. 


13 


carried  on  with  an  insufficient  force,  and  without  means 
for  its  support.  The  history  of  Presbyterian  work  in 
Brazil  divides  itself  into  two  parts — before  and  after  the 
Civil  War.  Notwithstanding  the  difficulties  under 
which  the  Presbyterian  missions  and  missions  of  other 
denominations  have  been  prosecuted,  there  has  been  a 
steady,  though  sometimes  slow,  growth,  until  at  the 
present  time  the  Presbyterian  churches  of  Brazil  occupy 
a prominent  place  in  the  religious  life  of  the  country. 
The  first  Presbyterian  missionary  in  Brazil  was  Bev. 
Ashbel  Green  Simonton,  who  in  1859  began  work  in  Bio 
de  Janeiro,  the  then  metropolis  of  the  country,  with  a 
population  of  nearly  500,000  people,  and  which  is  now 
the  capital  of  Brazil.  Of  Mr.  Simonton  it  is  said  lie 
was  “a  man  peculiarly  qualified  for  the  pioneer  mission-' 
ary  work,  from  his  scholarly  attainments,  gentle  man- 
ners, sturdy  and  sterling  Christian  character.  He  was 
always  deservedly  popular  with  Brazilians,  and  to  his 
wisdom  and  faithful  foundation  work  the  success  of  the 
Brazil  mission  is  largely  due.” 

In  connection  with  the  mention  of  Mr.  Simonton  and 
his  work  in  Brazil,  it  is  important  to  note  that  in  the 
beginning  there  were  two  great  lines  of  missionary 
activity — the  pulpit  and  the  press.  During  all  the 
years  since,  in  all  the  missions  of  the  various  denom- 
inations in  Brazil,  these  two  lines  of  activity  have  been 
made  prominent  with  the  addition  of  Christian  educa- 
tion. In  1888,  after  twenty-eight  years  of  foundation 
work,  the  missions  of  the  Northern  and  Southern  Pres- 
byterian Churches  of  the  United  States  were  united  to 
form  the  Synod  of  Brazil.  The  Synod  at  the  time  of 
organization  contained  fifty-four  churches,  and  -was 
divided  into  four  Presbyteries.  The  Synod  and  General 
Assembly  are  entirely  independent  of  the  General  As- 


14 


In  South  America — Brazil. 


semblies  in  the  United  States.  Mr.  Blackford,  in  his 
sketch,  says:  “It  will  be  recognized  that  such  an  ar- 
rangement called  for  great  wisdom  and  forbearance  on 
all  sides.  Time  has  been  needed  to  adjust  the  many 
perplexing  questions  that  have  inevitably  arisen,  but 
on  the  whole,  there  has  been  a remarkable  spirit  of 
unity  and  progress.” 

The  Church  in  Brazil  regards  the  evangelization  of 
the  more  distant  regions,  where  there  has  been  little  or 
no  Protestant  preaching,  as  the  most  important  work  of 
the  missionaries.  Missionaries  in  Brazil  define  the 
general  policy  of  the  mission  in  its  relation  to  the  Pres- 
byterian Church  of  Brazil  as  follows:  “In  accordance 
with  the  expressed  wish  of  the  Board,  we  are  members 
of  Brazilian  Presbyteries,  but  we  act  simply  as  pioneers. 
As  soon  as  a church  can  be  placed  on  a self-supporting- 
basis,  we  turn  it  over,  if  possible,  to  the  care  of  a native 


Congregation,  Para.  North  Brazil. 


In  South  America — Brazil. 


15 


pastor,  responsible  to  the  Presbytery.  Our  relations 
with  our  Presbyteries  are  most  harmonious,  and  we 
trust,  by  the  grace  of  God,  to  continue  to  work  shoulder 
to  shoulder  with  our  Brazilian  brethren  in  the  evangel- 
ization of  the  land.'’ 


CUE  BRAZIL  MISSIONS. 


J.  Leighton  Wilson. 

In  1S54  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Foreign  Missions 
had  for  its  Secretary  Dr.  J.  Leighton  Wilson,  and  it  is 
interesting  to  note  that  the  man  that  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  our  foreign  missionary  enterprise  should  have 
been  interested  in  the  establishment  of  the  first  Presby- 
terian mission  in  Brazil.  In  those  days,  while  Africa 
was  known  as  the  “Dark  Continent,”  South  America 
was  called  the  “Neglected  Continent.”  At  the  organ- 
ization of  the  Southern  Presbyterian  Church  it  was  a 
reasonable  expectation  that  Dr.  Wilson,  who  had  been 
pleading  the  claims  of  Papal  America  before  the  old 
Board,  should  press  the  needs  of  Brazil  upon  the  newly 
organized  church.  Of  these  beginnings  of  our  work  in 
Brazil,  Rev.  D.  C.  Rankin  wrote: 

“It  may  have  been,  too,  that  Simonton’s  two  years  of 
teaching  in  Mississipi  and  his  acquaintance  in  Virginia 
and  Baltimore  had  served  to  interest  many  in  his  field. 
No  doubt,  also,  this  interest  was  fostered  by  the  re- 
moval, after  the  Cival  War,  of  many  Southern  families 
to  the  land  of  the  Southern  Cross.  A number  of  these 
families  were  from  South  Carolina,  and  this  fact  may 
have  led  to  the  overture  from  the  Synod  of  that  State 


16 


In  South  America — Brazil. 


to  the  Assembly  of  186(5  to  open  a mission  in  Brazil.  It 
was  not,  however,  till  the  summer  of  1868  that  the  Com- 
mittee saw  the  way  clear  to  send  out  the  Rev.  G.  Nash 
Morton  on  a tour  of  inspection.  In  the  following 
summer  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Morton  and  Rev.  Edward  Lane 
sailed  from  Baltimore,  and  in  August,  1869,  settled  at 
Campinas  as  their  first  station.” 

Our  First  Missionaries. 

The  first  missionaries  of  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
U.  S.,  arrived  in  1869.  The  increase  in  the  number  of 
missionaries  and  the  results  of  the  work  made  necessary 
the  organization  of  a second  Presbytery  in  Brazil.  Our 
first  missionaries  occupied  and  opened  stations  in  the 
northern  part  of  Brazil,  near  the  equator.  Pernambuco 
was  occupied  in  1873,  and  from  this  point  the  work 
extended  into  the  adjoining  states.  The  history  of 
early  discoveries  developed  religious  conditions  that 
have  much  to  do  with  this  part  of  Brazil. 

An  incident  connected  with  the  voyage  of  Henry 
Martyn  on  his  way  to  India  is  given  on  page  199,  in  the 
book,  ‘‘In  Four  Continents.” 

We  are  told  that  Henry  Martyn,  on  his  way  to  India, 
touched  at  Bahia,  a city  to  the  south  of  our  specific- 
territory.  “The  ardent  young  soldier  of  the  cross  landed 
and  ascended  to  the  battery  that  overlooks  the  beautiful 
Bay  of  All  Saints.  Amidst  that  charming  scenery  his 
heart  was  burdened,  and  he  sought  relief  in  prayer. 
There,  riding  at  anchor,  was  the  ship  that  was  to  carry 
him  to  his  distant  field  of  service;  there,  close  beside 
him,  lay  outspread  the  city  of  Bahia,  or  San  Salvador, 
teeming  with  churches,  swarming  with  priests,  but  with 
tokens  of  unbelief  or  blind  superstition  on  every  side. 
As  he  gazed  upon  the  scene  he  repeated  the  hymn— 


In  South  America — Brazil. 


17 


“ ‘O’er  the  gloomy  hills  of  darkness 
Look,  my  soul,  be  still  and  gaze.’ 

“Before  resuming  his  voyage,  he  found  opportunity 
to  enter  the  monasteries,  Vulgate  in  hand,  and  reason 
with  the  priests  out  of  the  Scriptures.  Fascinated  by 
the  tropical  glories  of  the  coast  and  interior,  and  keenly 
interested  in  the  Portuguese  dons,  the  Franciscan  friars, 
and  the  negro  slaves — ‘What  happy  missionary,’  he  ex- 
claimed, ‘shall  be  sent  to  bear  the  name  of  Christ  to 
these  western  regions?  When  shall  this  beautiful 
country  be  delivered  from  idolatry  and  spurious  Chris- 
tianity? Crosses  there  are  in  abundance,  but  when  shall 
the  doctrine  of  the  Cross  be  held  up?’  ” 

North  Brazil  Mission. 

The  following  relating  to  the  North  Brazil  Mission  is 
quoted  from  “In  Four  Continents 

“The  work  in  the  North  Brazil  field  has  been  almost 
entirely  directly  evangelistic,  along  with  the  training 
of  a native  ministry.  From  the  central  stations  of 
Pernambuco,  Ceara,  Maranhao  and  Natal,  the  work  has 
spread  over  a large  region,  embracing  a territory  equal 
in  extent  to  nearly  half  the  United  States,  and  with  a 
very  limited  number  of  missionaries.  They  have  been 
forced  to  train  native  ministers  under  very  great  disad- 
vantages. This  has  been  a great  strain  on  the  workers, 
for  the  demands  on  all  the  missionaries  have  been  such 
that  no  one  man  could  give  his  whole  time  to  instructing 
the  candidates. 

“The  Presbytery  of  Pernambuco  was  formed  in  1887 
by  uniting  the  missionaries  and  natives,  and  was  one  of 
the  four  that  in  1888  constituted  the  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Brazil. 


Presbyterian  Church,  Maranhao,  North  Brazil. 


In  South  America — Brazil. 


19 


“Comparatively  little  lias  been  done  in  the  establish- 
ment of  mission  schools  in  the  North  Brazil  Mission. 
An  effort  was  made  in  1892  to  open  a school  in  Pernam- 
buco. Miss  Reed,  who  had  charge  of  the  work,  was 
compelled,  on  account  of  lack  of  help  and  sufficient 
support,  to  discontinue  the  school.  The  school  was 
again  opened  in  1904,  and  under  the  direction  of  Miss 
Reed,  who  trained  and  brought  to  her  assistance  four  of 
the  pupils  in  the  school,  the  work  has  been  successfully 
carried  on  up  to  the  present  time.  The  Natal  school, 
which  was  opened  by  Miss  Reed,  was  continued  for  a 
time  by  Mrs.  Porter.  For  a number  of  years  Rev.  Geo. 
E.  Henderlite,  in  addition  to  his  evangelistic  work,  has 
undertaken  the  instruction  of  young  men  for  work  as 
evangelists  and  native  pastors  with  marked  success. 

“With  many  changes  in  the  location  and  work  of  the 
members  of  the  North  Brazil  Mission,  and  with  com- 
paratively few  additions  in  the  way  of  reinforcements, 
and  in  the  face  of  obstacles  and  persecution  amounting 
almost  to  martyrdom,  our  faithful  band  has  not  only 
held  the  field,  but  has  extended  the  work  until  now  we 
have  stations  from  Para  in  the  north,  to  Pernambuco 
toward  the  south,  and  at  Manaus,  a thousand  miles  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Amazon.  The  central  stations  of  the 
North  Brazil  Mission  are  as  follows:  Pernambuco 
(Recife),  the  capital  of  the  State  of  Pernambuco,  a city 
of  great  importance.  It  was  opened  as  a mission  sta- 
tion in  1873.  Garanhuns,  about  one  hundred  and  sev- 
enty-five miles  southwest  of  Pernambuco,  opened  in  1895, 
has  been  an  important  center,  both  locally  and  in  the 
surrounding  field.  Canhotinho  is  a small  town  in  the 
same  region  of  country  as  Garanhuns.  Its  importance 
has  been  much  increased  by  a railroad  opened  a few 
years  ago.  Fortaleza,  the  capital  of  the  State  of 


20 


In  South  America — Brazil. 


Coffee  tree  in  full  bloom. 


Ceara,  a city  of  some  50,000  inhabitants,  is  situated  on 
the  coast.  It  is  important  as  the  main  shipping  point 
of  the  state.  The  estimated  population  of  the  state  is 
1,000,000.  Para,  the  most  northern  of  our  Brazilian 
stations,  is  the  port  of  the  Amazon  rubber  trade.  It 
has  a population  of  some  50,000  people,  and  is  in  many 
ways  a modern  city.  Natal  is  the  capital  of  the  State 
of  Itio  Grande  do  Norte.  It  is  located  southeast  of 
Fortaleza,  aud  is  reached  by  a little  more  than  twenty- 
four  hours’  Yoyage.  It  was  opened  as  one  of  our  mis- 
sion stations  in  1895.  Caxias,  in  the  State  of  Maran- 
hao,  was  opened  as  a regular  station  in  1896.” 

Following  the  death  of  Mr.  Boyle,  other  missionaries 
were  sent  to  the  field  and  new  stations  opened.  The 
full  story  of  the  self-sacrificing  lives  of  the  missionaries 
who  have  gone  to  Brazil  will  probably  never  be  known, 


In  South  America — Brazil.  21 

because  the  missionaries  have  never  fully  told  their  ex- 
periences. Enough  is  known  to  justify  giving  the 
missionaries  honor  for  heroism  and  self-sacrifice  that 
.involved,  sometimes,  danger,  if  not  the  loss  of  life.  As 
stated  in  a previous  paragraph,  the  lines  of  work  wisely 
followed  by  all  Presbyterian  Missions  in  Brazil,  have 
been  the  circulation  of  the  Word  of  God,  evangelistic 
preaching  and  Christian  education.  The  Christian 
schools  in  the  work  in  South  Brazil,  and  the  splendid 
girls’  school  in  Pernambuco,  in  North  Brazil,  have  been 
a large  factor  in  the  extension  of  the  work  in  giving  to 
the  Church  an  intelligent  company  of  Christian  young 
men  and  women,  and.  above  all,  a consecrated,  qualified 
native  ministry. 

South  Brazil  Mission. 

In  a previous  paragraph  the  establishment  of  the 
North  Brazil  Mission  and  a description  of  the  field  have 
been  given.  The  distance  between  Pernambuco,  in 
North  Brazil,  and  Campinas,  in  the  southern  section  of 
the  country,  is  about  fifteen  hundred  miles.  The  great 
distance  separating  the  fields  necessitated  the  organ- 
ization of  the  North  and  South  Brazil  Missions.  At 
one  time  when  considerable  work  was  being  done  in  the 
interior  in  the  States  of  Minas  and  Goyaz,  there  was  a 
third  mission,  known  as  the  Interior  Brazil.  At  the 
present  time  the  work  in  Brazil  is  included  in  three 
missions — North  Brazil,  and  what  was  formerly  known 
as  the  South  Brazil  Mission,  now  divided  into  the  East 
and  West  Brazil  Missions.  Miss  Charlotte  Kemper  was 
appointed  to  the  South  Brazil  Mission  in  1882.  Her 
long  experience  in  the  field,  together  with  her  skill  in 
translation  and  ability  as  a writer,  peculiarly  qualified 
her  to  prepare  a sketch  of  the  South  Brazil  Mission,  now 


22 


In  South  America — Brazil. 


divided  into  East  and  West.  From  this  sketch  we 
quote  as  follows : 

“In  1871  Mr.  Lane  made  a flying  visit  to  the  homeland, 
and,  returning  to  Brazil,  took  with  him  a valuable  rein- 
forcement in  the  person  of  Mrs.  Lane.  In  1872  Miss 
Henderson,  whose  work  is  known  in  all  the  churches, 
was  sent  out ; and  a little  later  Miss  M.  Videau  Kirk,  of 


Miss  Charlotte  Kemper. 


South  Carolina,  joined  the  Mission.  These  were  the 
pioneers,  the  advance  guard,  of  the  army  that  had  for 
its  motto : ‘Brazil  for  Christ.’  And  very  important  was 
the  service  they  rendered  in  breaking  down  the  barriers 
of  prejudice,  removing  obstacles,  and  clearing  the  way 
for  those  who  should  follow.  To  some  of  these  laborers 
was  granted  the  privilege  of  coming  again  with  rejoic- 
ing, bringing  their  sheaves  with  them.  If  the  record 
of  Mr.  Lane's  evangelistic  journeys  in  those  early  days 


In  South  America — Brazil. 


23 


had  been  preserved,  it  would  form  an  interesting  chapter 
in  the  history  of  our  Mission  in  Southern  Brazil.  His 
labors  in  Campinas  were  abundant  and  were  crowned 
with  marked  success.  After  a term  of  twenty-three 
years,  with  only  one  interval  of  rest,  he  was  called  up 
for  higher  service.  He  died  of  yellow  fever  in  Cam- 
pinas, on  the  26th  day  of  March,  1892,  the  very  day  on 
which  the  younger  soldier,  Lapsley,  in  darkest  Africa, 
laid  aside  his  armor. 

“In  1875  Rev.  John  Boyle,  w7ho  had  been  associated 
with  the  work  of  our  Church  in  Northern  Brazil,  was 
transferred  to  the  Campinas  Mission.  Later  he  re- 
moved to  Bagagem,  in  the  State  of  Minas,  where,  for 
five  years,  he  labored  faithfully  and  successfully,  making 
frequent  journeys  into  the  adjoining  states,  sowing  the 
precious  seed  that  is  now  yielding  an  abundant  harvest. 
In  October,  1892,  this  faithful  servant  of  Christ  entered 
into  his  rest — cut  off,  as  it  seemed  to  all,  in  the  very 
prime  of  his  usefulness.  Rev.  G.  W.  Thompson  was 
associated  with  Mr.  Boyle  in  Bagagem,  but  scarcely  had 
this  young  and  valiant  soldier  of  the  cross  buckled  on 
his  armor  wlien  he  was  called  to  lay  it  aside.  He  died 
in  Campinas,  of  yellow  fever,  in  1889,  having  gone 
thither  to  minister  to  the  sick  and  suffering.  Thus 
he  laid  dowrn  his  life  for  his  friends.” 

Educational  Work. 

Our  principal  schools  in  the  South  Brazil  Missions 
consist  of  the  Gymnasio  de  Lavras,  or  the  college  for 
men,  and  the  Charlotte  Kemper  School  for  Girls. 
Lavras  is  an  admirable  location  for  the  schools.  The 
city  with  a population  of  between  four  and  five  thou- 
sand, is  situated  in  a mountainous  part  of  the  State  of 


Lavras  College  Building. 


In  South  America — Brazil. 


25 


Minas,  with  an  elevation  of  2,900  feet,  insuring  a health 
ful  climate.  Lavras  was  opened  as  a mission  station 
in  1893.  The  work  had  been  in  progress  twelve  years 
when  it  was  deemed  advisable  to  open  a school  for  boys. 
The  school  has  steadily  grown  in  numbers  with  increase 
of  equipment.  It  now  has  Government  authority  to 
prepare  boys  to  enter  the  professional  and  polytechnieal 
schools  of  the  Republic  without  examination,  which 
places  it  upon  equality  with  the  National  Gymnasium, 
the  Government  school.  The  following  report  of  the 
work  of  the  Gymnasio  de  Lavras  is  from  the  1912 
Annual  Report: 

“The  schools  have  been  well  filled,  and  in  the  Gym- 
nasio we  found  it  necessary  to  limit  the  number  of 
boarders.  More  than  before  we  have  found  men  of 
prominence  in  the  state  sending  their  sons  to  us,  even  in 
spite  of  our  being  the  heretic  Protestants.  It  has  been 
with  some  pride  that  we  have  heard  the  Gymnasio  de 
Lavras  spoken  of  as  the  first  institution  of  its  class  in 
the  state.  Requests  for  catalogues  come  from  the  ex- 
treme north  to  the  last  state  in  the  south.  Much  of  the 
success  in  maintaining  a good  spirit  among  the  boys  in 
their  crowded  quarters  and  keeping  them  well  has  been 
due  to  the  untiring  work  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Shaw,  who 
are  now  in  charge  of  the  boarding  department.  Sick 
or  well,  they  have  been  ever  ready  to  minister  to  any, 
large  or  small.” 

What  has  been  done  for  the  boys  and  young  men  in 
the  Gymnasio  is  being  done  in  the  Charlotte  Kemper 
School  for  Girls,  also  located  at  Lavras.  This  school 
has  a reasonably  good  equipment,  consisting  of  several 
buildings  and  a fine  campus.  It  will  be  seen  that  in 
our  work  in  South  Brazil,  Christian  education  is  well 
provided  for  in  the  schools  at  Lavras.  These  schools 


26  lx  South  America — Brazil 


The  Charlotte  Kemper  Seminary  for  Girls,  Lavras,  Brazil 


have  the  hearty  endorsement  of  the  Brazilian  people, 
and  have  the  official  approval  of  the  government.  They 
are  great  forces  of  and  for  Christianity  in  all  that  sec- 
tion of  Brazil. 

Theological  Sem inary. 

The  removal  of  the  Girls’  School  from  Campinas  to 
Lavras  in  1892  opened  the  way  for  the  location  of  the 
Presbyterian  Theological  Seminary  at  the  former  place. 
The  Brazil  Missions  are  not  neglectful  of  the  all-impor- 
tant feature  of  the  missionary’s  work — the  preparation 
of  a native  ministry.  A school  for  the  training  of 
native  ministers  has  for  years  been  conducted  in  North 
Brazil  by  Rev.  George  E.  Henderlite.  The  theological 
school  at  Campinas  is  now  doing  a larger  work  than  at 
any  time  in  its  history. 


In  South  America — Brazil. 


27 


Needs  of  Our  Brazil  Missions. 

The  ueeds  of  our  missions  in  the  southern  part  of 
Brazil  urgently  stated  in  the  letters  from  mission- 
aries on  the  field.  Our  great  educational  work  at 
Lavras  is  seriously  embarrassed  by  lack  of  funds  to 
pay  the  debt  on  the  college.  The  efficiency  of  this 
splendid  college  is  greatly  hindered  by  the  burden  of 
debt.  The  needs  of  the  East  and  West  Brazil  Mis- 
sions are  given  as  follows  by  another  missionary: 

“As  to  our  needs,  they  are  neither  few  nor  small. 
In  the  first  place,  we  wish  the  prayers,  earnest  and 
constant,  of  our  friends  and  supporters  at  home. 
Secondly,  more  workers.  There  is  not  one  of  our  pres- 
ent fields  that  could  not  be  well  divided  up  so  as  to 
keep  two  or  three  men  busy,  and  that  is  not  consider- 
ing the  large  fields  which  lie  unoccupied,  and  the  large 
cities  that  are  insufficiently  manned.  This  subject 
could  receive  justice  only  in  a lengthy  article.  We  are 
constantly  impressed  with  the  fact  that  even  after  all 
the  years  of  evangelical  work  in  Brazil,  we  are  only 
just  getting  into  it,  on  account  of  insufficient  forces 
throughout  these  fifty  years.” 

The  needs  of  the  North  Brazil  Mission  are  stated  as 
follows  by  Kev.  Geo.  E.  Henderlite:  “As  to  the  needs, 
they  are  two,  or,  rather,  either  one  of  two ; either 
more  missionaries  to  occupy  these  great  vacant  fields, 
or  more  money  to  prepare  and  sustain  the  native  in 
the  work.  You  have  at  great  cost  laid  the  founda- 
tions: it  would  be  a calamity,  it  would  be  suicidal,  not 
to  continue  the  work.  May  our  people  at  home  real- 
ize that  there  can  be  no  going  back  now.  The  curse 
of  Meroz  will  rest  upon  them,  ‘because  they  come  not 
to  the  help  of  the  Lord,  to  the  help  of  the  Lord,  against 
the  mighty.’  The  battle  is  upon  us  and  there  will  be 


28 


In  South  America— Brazil. 


Native  Worker,  North  Brazil. 


no  peace  oc  rest  until  the  Lord  comes.  In  war  times 
no  one  expects  to  do  anything  but  spend  and  be  spent 
until  peace  is  declared.  It  is  war  now,  and  to  retrench 
or  slacken  up  is  to  lose  all  that  we  have  been  fighting 
for  for  a century.  The  Lord  from  heaven  sends  the 
message:  ‘Behold,  I come  quickly;  hold  that  fast 
Which  thou  hast,  that  no  man  take  thy  crown.’  The 
crown  here  may  be  the  precious  souls  that  each  be- 
liever may  be  able  to  save  during  his  life.  This  crown 
of  rejoicing  will  certainly  be  lost  if  we  fail  as  a church 
to  keep  and  support  a competent  force  of  evangelists 
among  the  unevangelized  peoples  of  the  earth.  It  is 


In  South  America — Brazil. 


29 


sad  to  think  that  the  Southern  Presbyterian  Church, 
which  has  been  the  first  in  orthodoxy,  the  first  in  spir- 
ituality and  simplicity  of  worship — to  think  that  this 
church,  with  her  splendid  history,  should  be  the  first 
to  weaken  her  evangelistic  efforts,  should  be  the  first 
to  forget  the  Master's  words : 'Go  ye  into  all  the 
world,  and  preach  the  gospel  to  every  creature.’  It 
is  more  than  sad,  it  is  humiliating.  But,  again,  we  go 
back  to  the  old  Hebrew  words:  ‘Ebenezer — Hitherto 
the  Lord  has  helped  us,’  and  looking  into  the  future 
we  believingly  say,  ' Jehovah- Jireli,’  trusting  that  he 
will  provide  the  means  for  carrying  on  his  work.” 


Manual  Training  Shops,  Lavras  College. 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 


The  World's  Empty  Continent. 


The  area  of  North  America  is  8,559,000  square  miles; 
the  population,  100,000,000. 

The  area  of  South  America  is  7,598,000  square  miles 
(figures  of  the  International  Bureau  of  American  Re- 
publics) ; population,  40,000,000. 

South  America  is  more  thinly  settled,  with  its  popu- 
lation scattered  over  its  immense  area,  than  any  other 
part  of  the  world.  Its  40,000,000  people  include  at 
least  5,000,000  Indians  and  5,000,000  foreigners  from 
Europe  and  North  America. 

Less  than  two  hundred  Protestant  ordained  mission- 
aries are  at  work  in  South  America.  Seven  missions 
are  striving  to  reach  the  Indian  population,  but  a very 
small  proportion  of  these  pagan  people  have  as  yet 
been  touched  by  evangelical  Christianity. 

South  America  is  empty  educationally.  In  Brazil 
eighty-five  per  cent  of  the  population  is  illiterate — 
only  twenty-eight  out  of  a thousand  in  school,  in  Chile 
fifty-three.  In  the  United  States,  seventeen  per  cent 
of  the  population  in  school;  in  Japan,  twelve  per  cent. 

South  America  is  an  uneducated  continent.  It  is 
an  unevangelized  continent.  It  is  a Scriptureless 
continent.  The  Bible  is  not  given  to  tlife  people. 
“It  is  safe  to  sav  that  not  one  person  out  of  a hundred 
thousand  in  South  America  would  ever  have  seen  a 
Bible  but  for  the  Protestant  missionary  movement.” 

The  responsibility  for  the  sending  of  evangelical 
truth  to  the  ‘'World’s  Empty  Continent”  rests  almost 
entirely  on  the  Protestant  churches  of  America. — M.s- 
sembhj  Herald. 


A Public  Square,  Rio  Janeiro. 


“IN  FOUR  CONTINENTS” 

THIRD  EDITION.  REVISED 

By  REV.  H.  F.  WILLIAMS 

A beautifully  printed  illustrated  book  of  230  pages,  giving  a concise  and  inspiring 
historical  sketch  of  the  origin  and  development  of  the  missionary  activities  of  the  South- 
ern Presbyterian  Church  in  the  four  continents  in  which  our  seven  Missions  are  located, 
by  Rev.  Henry  F.  Williams,  Editor  of  the  publications  of  the  Executive  Committee 
of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  U.  S. 

The  first  chapter  recounts  the  initial  step  of  the  young  and  struggling  Church  in  the 
establishment  of  mission  stations.  The  remaining  chapters  give  graphic  sketches  of 
the  planting  of  stations  in  seven  countries  where  we  now  sustain  missions. 

The  book  is  attractively  printed  and  illustrated.  Many  of  the  pictures  are  from  pho- 
tographs taken  by  the  author  while  on  his  recent  world  missionary  tour.  Pastors  and 
missionary  workers  will  find  in  this  book  the  information  that  has  been  so  long  needed 
to  develop  an  intelligent  and  generous  interest  in  the  missionary  enterprises  of  our  Church 

Paper  Binding.  Postpaid,  35c.  Cloth  Binding,  Postpaid,  50c. 


Map  Studies  of  Mission  Lands 

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An  interesting  and  informing  series  of  Maps,  showing  very  clearly  the  location  of  all 
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make  the  studies  invaluable  to  all  who  would  be  fully  informed  about  the  foreign  activ- 
ities of  our  Church. 

Price,  5 Cents,  Postpaid. 


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By  REV.  H.  F.  WILLIAMS 

Suggestions  for  the  Leaders  of  Classes  or  Individuals  engaged  in  the 
Study  of  “IN  FOUR  CONTINENTS” 

A helpful  pamphlet  prepared  by  Rev.  H.  F.  Williams,  giving  suggestions  about  organ- 
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chapter.  A list  of  the  best  books  on  missions  for  side  reading  is  appended,  and  a table 
gives  the  correct  pronunciations  of  the  foreign  names  in  the  book.  A set  of  review  ques- 
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TEXARKANA,  ARK. -TEXAS 


CHOICE  BOOKS 

For  Missionary  Libraries 


Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Missions — T.  C.  Johnson,  D.D $0.60 

Evangelical  Invasion  of  Brazil— S.  R.  Gammon,  D.D  .75 

"In  Four  Continents,”  F.  M.  Text  Book  for  1912 — H.  F.  Williams— paper,  35c.; 

cloth _ .50 

The  Light  of  the  World — F.  M.,  Text  Book  for  1912 — Speer — paper,  35c.;  cloth .50 

Decisive  Hour  of  Missions— F.  M.  Text  Book  for  1912 — Mott— paper,  35c.;  cloth  .50 

Conservation  of  National  Ideals — H.  M.  Text  Book  for  1912 — paper,  35c.;  cloth .50 

The  Call  of  the  Home  Land—  H.  M.  Text  Book  for  1912— paper,  35c.;  cloth 50 

At  Our  Own  Door— H.  M.  Text  Book  for  1912 — paper,  35c.;  cloth 50 

Western  Women  in  Eastern  Lands — paper,  35c.;  cloth .50 

Men  and  Missions — W.  T.  Ellis .75 

The  Foreign  Missionary — A.  J.  Brown,  D.D.;  limp  cloth .75 

The  Healing  of  the  Nations— paper .40 

Lights  and  Shadows  in  the  Far  East — S.  H.  Chester,  D.D .60 

Missionary  Heroines  in  Eastern  Lands— cloth 65 

Lady  Missionaries  in  Foreign  Lands— cloth .65 

Life  of  Henry  Martyn — cloth . .65 

Life  of  Dr.  Grenfell — cloth .65 

Life  of  Robert  Morrison — cloth .65 

Life  of  David  Livingston — cloth .65 

Life  of  William  Carey — cloth .65 

The  Unfinished  Task — Dr.  Barton .50 

Report  of  Edinburgh  Missionary  Conference — 1 Vol _ 1.00 

Unoccupied  Fields— Dr.  Zwemer .50 

Growth  of  the  Missionary  Concept — Dr.  Goucher _ .75 

The  Challenge  of  the  City — Josiah  Strong — paper,  35c.;  cloth .50 

Christianity’s  Storm  Center — Chas.  Stelzle — paper,  35c.;  cloth .50 

Citizens  of  To-Morrow — Guernsey — cloth 50 

The  Frontier — Platt — paper,  35c.;  cloth .50 

The  Working  Man  and  Social  Problems — Stelzle — cloth .75 

The  Galax  Gatherers — Edw.  O.  Guerrant — cloth... 1.00 

FOR  YOUNG  READERS: 

Best  Things  in  America — paper 25 

The  Finding-Out  Club — paper .25 

Coming  Americans — paper .25 

The  Call  of  the  Waters — paper .35 

Home  Mission  Handicraft — paper .50 

Child  Life  Series — Mexicans,  Indians,  etc. — each.. .10 

The  Happiest  Girl  in  Korea— cloth 60 

Topsy-Turvy  Land— cloth 75 

Winners  of  the  World  for  Twenty  Centuries — cloth 60 

Uganda’s  White  Man  of  Work — cloth .50 

Foreign  Mission  Stories — by  Grandma  Bright .15 

Home  Mission  Stories — by  Grandma  Bright .15 


ADDRESS  ALL  ORDERS  TO 

Presbyterian  Committee  of  Publication 

RICHMOND,  VA.  TEXARKANA,  ARK. -TEXAS 


